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In early childhood,children develop this aspect of the representation of self.This includes the substance and content of self-conceptions and provides the rational underpinnings for personal identity.

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According to Jean Piaget,this is the second stage of moral development.Children become aware that rules and laws are created by people and that intentions are a part of determining the morality of an action.

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Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families?


A) Canada
B) Germany
C) United States
D) Sweden

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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List and describe 4 of the 6 types of play identified by Mildred Parten.

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(1)Unoccupied play - a child will stand ...

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Research on peer pressure to conform to traditional gender roles suggests that:


A) there is greater pressure for boys.
B) there is greater pressure for girls.
C) pressure to conform is equal for both boys and girls.
D) neither boys nor girls are pressured by their peers to conform.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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List at least four possible functions of play. List at least four possible functions of play.

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The social and psychological dimensions of being male or female.

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Tessa is sitting by herself in her 1st grade classroom,and is watching a group of other children playing together with some jacks.She takes another set of jacks and plays the same way,even though she does not join the group.Which of the following would Parten say describes Tessa's play?


A) parallel play
B) solitary play
C) imaginary play
D) practice play

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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Which of the following parenting styles has low demands and high responsiveness?


A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following emotions are not in the same "category" as the other three?


A) embarrassment
B) shame
C) guilt
D) fear

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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A parent who spanks his/her children frequently is most likely to be a(n) :


A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Steur,Applefield,and Smith (1971) randomly assigned children to two groups.One group watched cartoons containing violence,and the other group watched cartoons with the violence removed.During a free-play session,the children who watched the cartoons containing violence showed more aggression than children who watched the nonviolent cartoons.Which conclusion can be drawn from this study?


A) We can say that TV is the only factor that causes aggression.
B) We cannot say that violent TV caused the increased aggression,because this was a correlational study.
C) We cannot say what caused the aggression,since aggression is caused by so many other factors.
D) We can say that the violent TV caused the increased aggression if all other factors in the groups were equal.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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The support that parents give each other in raising children,including coordination of rules and parenting efforts,is called:


A) coparenting
B) cohesive rearing
C) directional childcare
D) collaborative directing

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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The psychoanalytic theory of gender states that children should identify with the gender identity of the same sex parent at about age:


A) 1 or 2 years.
B) 3 or 4 years.
C) 5 or 6 years.
D) 7 or 8 years.

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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Which of the following statements is FALSE?


A) Girls are more likely than boys to associate together in larger groups.
B) Boys are more likely than girls to participate in organized group games.
C) Girls are more likely than boys to talk and act in "collaborative discourse."
D) Boys are more likely than girls to engage in activities to attain a group goal.

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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Pride,shame,embarrassment,and guilt are examples of:


A) basic emotions.
B) self-conscious emotions.
C) primary negative emotions.
D) secondary negative emotions.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Which of these is TRUE of gender schema theory?


A) This theory identifies constants in the way children understand gender.
B) This theory focuses on imitation as a process of gender socialization.
C) This theory demonstrates how emotions contribute to gender identification.
D) This theory states how ideas of gender appropriateness are developed.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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At what age do children show a preference to spend time with a same-sex playmate?


A) around 3 years old
B) around 6 years old
C) around 8 years old
D) around 10 years old

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children.Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?


A) Reinforcement,punishment,and imitation can explain the development of moral behavior.
B) Self-control is evidenced by the child's ability to delay gratification.
C) Punishment will always increase the modeling of moral behavior.
D) Cognitive factors are important in the development of self-control.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Which idea about divorce is best supported by available evidence?


A) A divorce may improve children's lives under some circumstances.
B) Divorces inevitably impair children's ability to adapt to difficulties in their lives.
C) Competent children cannot be raised in single-parent families.
D) Divorce has only minor effects on children.

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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