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Discuss the difference between validity and reliability when making measurements.Give an example of each. a.Select two probability sampling techniques and explain why each is an example of probability. Give an example of a research project that would be appropriate for each sampling technique. b.Select two non-probability sampling techniques and explain why each is an example. Give an example of a research project that would be appropriate for each sampling technique.

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When making measurements in research, va...

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The purpose of sampling is to select a set of elements from a population so that the descriptions of the sample statistics accurately portray the parameters of the population.This is best achieved through _____.


A) use of a convenience sample
B) use of random selection
C) use of the sampling element
D) use of sampling error

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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B

National Crime Victimization Survey and the British Crime Survey both use _____ to gather data.


A) simple random samples
B) stratified sampling
C) multistage cluster sampling
D) quota sampling

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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If you wanted to study people at different stages of offending, what sorts of samples would you draw? Stated somewhat differently, what are some possible sampling frames for studying crime through the life course? Think about some appropriate study populations and sampling frames for addressing questions like the following: a.What is the rate of involvement in crime among high school students? b.How many property and personal offenses are committed in the year before entering a state prison? c.Among former offenders, what is the effect of being married on criminal involvement?

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To study people at different stages of o...

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A basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will be representative of the population from which it is drawn if _____.


A) all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected for the sample
B) the researcher uses a method of selection based upon convenience
C) every nth person is selected for the sample
D) if the researcher follows rules.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Your criminal justice class requires a study of the success of your state's drug courts.The professor suggests that you first select 10 counties from your state.From those 10 counties, you will select the two largest cities from each.Finally, the drug courts in each of the cities will be monitored to measure success.What type of sampling design did your professor suggest?


A) stratified sampling
B) multistage cluster sampling
C) multistage cluster sampling with stratification
D) judgmental sampling

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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A Residence Assistant (RA) at a local university devised a plan to spot check the dorm for illegal drinking by knocking on every 5แต—สฐ door on each floor.What technique was the RA using?


A) stratified sampling
B) simple random sampling
C) quota sampling
D) systematic sampling

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a sample to the body of probability theory in order to estimate the accuracy of those findings.

A) True
B) False

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When considering probability sampling in general, it is usually the preferred method for selecting study elements because _____.


A) probability sampling sanctions intuition on the part of the researcher
B) probability sampling permits the researcher to estimate the sampling error
C) probability sampling allows unconscious biases in the selection process
D) probability sampling allows selection of the best subjects

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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The __________________________ is the range of sample statistics we would obtain if we selected many samples.

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sampling distribution

Which of the following is not appropriate for use as a sampling frame?


A) telephone directories when you wish to sample attitudes toward a new law
B) lists of licensed drivers when you wish to ask juveniles their opinions about drinking prohibitions
C) taxpayer rolls when the researcher is interested in public concerns about school appropriations in their community
D) American Medical Association membership lists to survey doctors about their attitudes concerning HMOs

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following statements is true concerning the relationship between standard error and sample size?


A) there is a positive relationship
B) there is an inverse relationship
C) As sample size decreases, the standard error decreases.
D) As sample size increases, the standard error increases.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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The unit about which information is gathered and forms the basis for analysis is known as _____.


A) a sampling element
B) a unit of observation
C) a sampling frame
D) a sample

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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When a researcher uses a multistage cluster sampling technique, they must repeat several sets, including _____.


A) listing and stratifying
B) listing and counting
C) listing and sampling
D) listing and randomizing

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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The unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis is called the ______________________.

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Multistage cluster sampling with stratification, systematic sampling, simple random sampling and disproportionate stratified sampling are examples of _____.


A) nonprobability sampling
B) probability sampling
C) sampling distributions
D) sampling frames

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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If the variable that you are interested in studying is so rare that it is unlikely to be discovered using random sampling, what is the best alternative?


A) accidental sampling
B) quota sampling
C) stratified sampling
D) purposive sampling

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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The use of ___________________ sampling helps researchers generalize to a larger population.

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In probability theory, the _________________________ indicates how closely the sample estimates will be distributed around the population parameter.

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standard error

When researchers can list each element of a population, that list is known as the ______________________.

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