Question 1

Hormonal regulation plays an important role in the long -term control of blood pressure. Identify the hormones outlined in this chapter that play a role in the long -term regulation of blood pressure, how those hormones are regulated, and the mechanisms they use to affect blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

The hormones responsible for long -term regulation of blood pressure include angiotensin II, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and erythropoietin. The regulation of angiotensin II and aldosterone are interrelated. The pathway to aldosterone release starts with renin. This enzyme is released from granular cells of the macula densa in response to 1) a decrease in afferent arteriole pressure, 2) a decrease in filtrate sodium and chloride in the distal tubule, and 3) an increase in renal sympathetic activity originated by activation of the baroreflex. Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Thereafter, angiotensin converting enzyme (located on pulmonary capillary endothelial cells) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which stimulates the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone affects principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting ducts by increasing the number and open sodium channels in the apical membrane and increasing the number of Na⁺/K⁺pumps in the basolateral membrane. This results in an increased reabsorption of sodium. In addition, angiotensin II affects blood pressure by 1) its vasoconstrictive properties, 2) altering thirst at the hypothalamus, and 3) stimulating ADH release. ANP is counterregulatory to aldosterone and is released in response to stretch of the atria (increased blood pressure). Once released, ANP decreases glomerular filtration rate by decreasing glomerular capillary pressure through concomitant dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole. In addition, ANP decreases the number of open sodium channels in the apical membrane and decreases the release of ADH. The primary stimulation for the release of ADH is an increase in osmolarity within the hypothalamus. Secondarily, the release of ADH is modified by angiotensin II (increased) and ANP (decreased). ADH increases blood pressure by altering the reabsorption of water. This occurs through the insertion of aquaporin -2 into the membrane of cells within the collecting ducts. ADH also increases the number of sodium channels in the apical membrane of principal cells. Finally, erythropoietin is stimulated by a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, which induces a hypoxia within the kidneys. Since erythrocytes make up about 45% of the volume of blood, any changes in their production will affect blood volume.

Question 2

Hyperkalemia refers to high levels of potassium in the plasma.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic disturbance that can result in a metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   high -protein diet
B)   severe diarrhea
C)   high -fat diet
D)   excessive vomiting
E)   heavy exerciseF) B) and C)
G) A) and D)

Question 4

What solute maintains the medullary interstitial fluid osmotic gradient?

Accepted Answer

A)   urea
B)   glucose
C)   potassium ions
D)   sodium ions
E)   waterF) B) and D)
G) All of the above

Question 5

The maximum osmolarity of urine is 1200 mOsm to 1400 mOsm.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide are able to alter the reabsorption of water through a similar pathway that involves altered

Accepted Answer

A)   integration of aquaporin -3 into the membrane.
B)   sodium channel expression on the apical membrane.
C)   Na+/K+ pump activity in the intercalated cells.
D)   release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) .
E)   Na+/K+ pump activity in the principal cells.F) C) and D)
G) A) and B)

Question 7

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the regulation of plasma calcium?

Accepted Answer

A)   kidneys
B)   skeletal muscle
C)   bone
D)   skin
E)   gastrointestinal tractF) B) and C)
G) A) and B) B

Question 8

During hyperventilation, why do some people detect a tingling sensation in their hands and feet?

Accepted Answer

A)   an increase in carbon dioxide in blood
B)   widespread release of catecholamines
C)   hyperexcitability of afferent neurons
D)   a decrease in carbon dioxide in blood
E)   a decrease in blood flow to the distal extremitiesF) A) and C)
G) C) and D)

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of dissipating heat during exercise?

Accepted Answer

A)   convection
B)   evaporation
C)   secretion of ADH
D)   radiation
E)   conductionF) B) and C)
G) C) and D)

Question 10

What hormone increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporin -2 proteins into the apical membrane of principal cells?

Accepted Answer

A)   ADH
B)   aldosterone
C)   angiotensin II
D)   atrial natriuretic peptide
E)   parathyroid hormoneF) None of the above
G) D) and E)

Question 11

Which of the following accurately describes the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Accepted Answer

A)   permeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl -cotransporters
B)   impermeable to water and does NOT contain Na+/K+/Cl -cotransporters
C)   permeable to water and does NOT contain Na+/K+/Cl - cotransporters
D)   impermeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl -cotransporters
E)   permeable to water in the presence of specific hormonesF) A) and E)
G) B) and D)

Question 12

Acid -base balance is regulated by a number of systems. Describe the sources of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis as well as metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis originates from cha...

Question 13

What hormone decreases plasma calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

A)   calcitonin only
B)   1,25 -dihydroxy vitamin D3 only
C)   parathyroid hormone only
D)   both calcitonin and 1,25 -dihydroxy vitamin D3
E)   both calcitonin and parathyroid hormoneF) A) and B)
G) A) and D)

Question 14

In order to compensate for a hyperventilation, the

Accepted Answer

A)   lungs increase ventilation rate.
B)   kidneys decrease the reabsorption of bicarbonate.
C)   kidneys increase the secretion of hydrogen ions.
D)   kidneys increase the reabsorption of hydrogen ions.
E)   kidneys increase the conversion of glutamine to bicarbonate.F) C) and E)
G) B) and C)

Question 15

In diabetes insipidus, why does polyuria occur?

Accepted Answer

A)   A lack of angiotensin II decreases thirst.
B)   An increase in aldosterone increases water reabsorption.
C)   A lack of insulin decreases water permeability of the renal tubules.
D)   Glucose transporters in the renal tubules become saturated.
E)   A lack of ADH decreases water reabsorption.F) B) and C)
G) B) and D)

Question 16

In the renal tubules, where is the Na+/K+ pump located?

Accepted Answer

A)   in the apical membrane of the descending limb of the loop of Henle
B)   in the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubules
C)   in both the apical and basolateral membranes of principal cells
D)   in the apical membrane of the collecting ducts
E)   in both the apical and basolateral membranes of intercalated cellsF) D) and E)
G) A) and C)

Question 17

What would the following blood values indicate? Blood pH = 7.5, [HCO3 -] is high, PCO2 is high.

Accepted Answer

A)   respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
B)   metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
C)   metabolic acidosis only
D)   respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
E)   metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensationF) A) and B)
G) A) and C) B

Question 18

Defense mechanisms against acid -base disturbances include buffers, respiratory, and renal compensation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

What form of osteoporosis would be localized to a specific bone?

Accepted Answer

A)   disuse osteoporosis
B)   primary osteoporosis
C)   secondary osteoporosis
D)   tertiary osteoporosis
E)   hyperosteoporosisF) B) and D)
G) A) and B)

Question 20

Renin is released by ________cells of the________ .

Accepted Answer

A)   principal : afferent arteriole
B)   principal : distal tubule
C)   intercalated : afferent arteriole
D)   granular : afferent arteriole
E)   granular : distal tubuleF) C) and E)
G) A) and C)

Exam 19: The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Hormonal regulation plays an important role in the long -term control of blood pressure. Identify the hormones outlined in this chapter that play a role in the long -term regulation of blood pressure, how those hormones are regulated, and the mechanisms they use to affect blood pressure.

Hyperkalemia refers to high levels of potassium in the plasma.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic disturbance that can result in a metabolic acidosis?

Correct Answer
verified

What solute maintains the medullary interstitial fluid osmotic gradient?

Correct Answer
verified

The maximum osmolarity of urine is 1200 mOsm to 1400 mOsm.

Correct Answer
verified

Angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide are able to alter the reabsorption of water through a similar pathway that involves altered

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the regulation of plasma calcium?

Correct Answer
verified
B

During hyperventilation, why do some people detect a tingling sensation in their hands and feet?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of dissipating heat during exercise?

Correct Answer
verified

What hormone increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporin -2 proteins into the apical membrane of principal cells?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following accurately describes the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Correct Answer
verified

Acid -base balance is regulated by a number of systems. Describe the sources of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis as well as metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

Correct Answer
verified
Respiratory acidosis originates from cha...
View Answer

What hormone decreases plasma calcium levels?

Correct Answer
verified

In order to compensate for a hyperventilation, the

Correct Answer
verified

In diabetes insipidus, why does polyuria occur?

Correct Answer
verified

In the renal tubules, where is the Na⁺/K⁺pump located?

Correct Answer
verified

What would the following blood values indicate? Blood pH = 7.5, [HCO₃^-] is high, P_CO₂is high.

Correct Answer
verified
B

Defense mechanisms against acid -base disturbances include buffers, respiratory, and renal compensation.

Correct Answer
verified

What form of osteoporosis would be localized to a specific bone?

Correct Answer
verified

Renin is released by cells of the .

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 19: The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Hormonal regulation plays an important role in the long -term control of blood pressure. Identify the hormones outlined in this chapter that play a role in the long -term regulation of blood pressure, how those hormones are regulated, and the mechanisms they use to affect blood pressure.

Hyperkalemia refers to high levels of potassium in the plasma.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic disturbance that can result in a metabolic acidosis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What solute maintains the medullary interstitial fluid osmotic gradient?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The maximum osmolarity of urine is 1200 mOsm to 1400 mOsm.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide are able to alter the reabsorption of water through a similar pathway that involves altered

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the regulation of plasma calcium?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

During hyperventilation, why do some people detect a tingling sensation in their hands and feet?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of dissipating heat during exercise?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What hormone increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporin -2 proteins into the apical membrane of principal cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following accurately describes the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Acid -base balance is regulated by a number of systems. Describe the sources of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis as well as metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

Correct AnswerverifiedRespiratory acidosis originates from cha...View AnswerShow Answer

What hormone decreases plasma calcium levels?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In order to compensate for a hyperventilation, the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In diabetes insipidus, why does polyuria occur?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the renal tubules, where is the Na+/K+ pump located?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What would the following blood values indicate? Blood pH = 7.5, [HCO3 -] is high, PCO2 is high.

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Defense mechanisms against acid -base disturbances include buffers, respiratory, and renal compensation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What form of osteoporosis would be localized to a specific bone?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Renin is released by ________cells of the________ .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
B

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Respiratory acidosis originates from cha...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

In the renal tubules, where is the Na⁺/K⁺pump located?

Correct Answer
verified

What would the following blood values indicate? Blood pH = 7.5, [HCO₃^-] is high, P_CO₂is high.

Correct Answer
verified
B

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Renin is released by cells of the .

Correct Answer
verified